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classes as we pass upward. The second class includes action resting on an organic basis, as breathing, but penetrated by the will. The third class covers action initiated by the will, but passed over to organic connections, as those of walking or reading. In the fourth class, the dependencies remain variable and purely voluntary. It is doubtless impossible to find any complex movement which is wholly supported by executive, voluntary effort. Even when we utter our own thoughts, though attention and purpose are constantly present, a greater share of the muscular movement, that imparting motion to the lungs for instance, is of an involuntary kind. In struggling to give a difficult sound from a foreign language, the effort seems for a time to approach independent, voluntary exertion, and is often for that reason very unsuccessful.

In reference to consciousness there are three classes: unconscious, semi-conscious and conscious activities. Consciousness always abides with the mind, and the different degrees in which it penetrates the physical constitution are due to the character of the special and general stimuli. Along the lines opened up by these sensations, the judgment and the will are operative, reaching indirectly much beyond consciousness.

As the intellectual world as a whole has been slowly built up on the physical, organic world, and receives support from it; so man erects his voluntary, comprehensive, and spiritual powers on the automatic forces, the nervous connections, the associative combinations, which lie beneath them. Thus in language we are often as much struck with the sort of blind help which words themselves give us, as we are with the fact that they have all grown out of a living thought-process. Indeed, the two impressions are opposite sides of the same thing; words are infused with life and so yield life. Everywhere the lower grows up to,